Evaluation of Hypolipidemic Activity of Ayurvedic Formulations on Blood Markers in Albino Rats with Experimental NAFLD

Sajja Keerthi Vathsalya, A. Gnanavel, N. Hima Bindu, S. Saravana Kumar, B. Naveen Kumar

Department of Anatomy, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Enathur, Meenakshi Nagar, Tamil Nadu – 631552

Mamata Academy of Medical Sciences, Bachupally.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: keerthi.vathsalyasajja@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly prevalent liver disorder not linked to alcohol consumption. Often associated with metabolic syndrome, NAFLD can progress to severe conditions like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current treatment options are limited, prompting growing interest in alternative therapies such as Ayurveda. Objectives: The present study is aimed to assess the therapeutic potential of selected Ayurvedic formulations in mitigating liver damage and lipid abnormalities in albino rats with experimentally induced NAFLD. The objective was to evaluate liver function and lipid profile using blood parameters as a non-invasive alternative to biopsy. Method: Twenty-five male albino rats were divided into seven groups, including normal control, disease-induced, and five treatment groups. NAFLD was induced using a high-fat, high-sugar diet over 28 days. Treatments were administered orally for 21 days. Liver function tests (ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin) and lipid profiles (triglycerides, cholesterol) were measured before, during, and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: The disease-induced group showed significantly elevated liver enzymes and lipid levels, confirming NAFLD. Among treatments, the combination of Arogyavardhini Vati (AV), Triphala Guggulu (TG), Patokaturohinyadi Kashayam (PK), Triphala Churna (TC), and Kutaki Churna (KC) showed the most substantial improvements across all parameters, closely followed by the pioglitazone and Vitamin E group. Groups receiving partial Ayurvedic treatments also showed moderate improvement, while castor oil alone was less effective. Discussion: The findings support the hepatoprotective and lipid-modulatory potential of Ayurvedic combinations in NAFLD management. The multi-component herbal formula demonstrated synergistic efficacy, suggesting that integrated herbal therapy could offer a promising non-invasive approach for NAFLD. Standard treatment with pioglitazone and Vitamin E also proved beneficial, validating its use as a comparator.

KEYWORDS: NAFLD, Ayurvedic medicine, Albino rats, Liver function, Lipid profile, Arogyavardhini Vati, Herbal therapy, pioglitazone, Alternative medicine.

1. INTRODUCTION:

Fatty liver disease occurring in non-drinkers was first formally recognized by Schaffner in 1986, who introduced the term Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD).¹

It is an abnormal phenomenon of accumulation of fat in the liver cells, take place in individuals who consumes very little to no alcohol. it’s becoming a raising concern these days, as it can become a chronic liver disorder in the later stages. The disorder has emerged as an increasingly significant health issue due to its potential evolution into severe chronic liver pathology, particularly given its strong associations with metabolic syndrome components including elevated blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, excess body weight, and diabetes mellitus type 2. NAFLD spectrum is ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The clinical presentation of NAFLD exists on a continuum, beginning with basic hepatic steatosis and potentially advancing to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The latter condition involves inflammatory processes, cellular death, and tissue scarring that may ultimately lead to liver cirrhosis and primary liver cancer development.^2,3,4

Recent studies investigation have demonstrated that NAFLD extends beyond hepatic complications, functioning as a systemic disorder that affects multiple organ systems and disrupts metabolic homeostasis. This broader understanding has led researchers to propose renaming the condition to MAFLD (metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease), better reflecting its systemic nature.⁵This underscores the importance of early detection and management strategies to mitigate the risk of progression to more severe liver conditions and associated comorbidities.⁶

By understanding the increasing global spread of NAFLD, it is assumed to become the principal cause of liver transplantation by 2030, posing significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide.⁷Despite its clinical significance, NAFLD remains a silent disease in its early stages without any symptoms and often undiagnosed. Diagnosis can be done through imaging techniques or elevated liver enzymes and histological examination is important to definitive confirmation⁸.

Currently, researchers are focusing on lifestyle modifications which includes physical activity, weight loss, proper sleep and mainly dietary changes. Pharmacological therapies are limited, and research is still in progress on NAFLD. As a result, there is rising interest in other alternatives like ayurveda and homeopathy.⁹

Given the chronic nature and multifactorial origins of NAFLD, there is a pressing need for safe, effective, and affordable therapeutic approaches. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of selected Ayurvedic formulations in improving liver function and lipid profiles in a rat model of NAFLD, contributing to the search for holistic and integrative solutions as a currently, no single therapy proven effective for NAFLD till date.^10-11

Aims and objectives:

This study aims to explore a few therapeutic approaches for the treatment of NAFLD using an albino rat model. The specific objectives include experimentally establishing a NAFLD model and treating them with the selected drugs and to analyze the effect of the drugs to treat NAFLD of treated and non- treated groups of rats by using the blood biochemical parameters including liver function tests (ALT, AST, ALP & Total Bilirubin) and lipid profile components (triglycerides and cholesterol) as liver biopsy cannot be performed on every individual for NAFLD, Blood parameters were chosen. The ultimate goal is to identify the potential therapeutic drug which can reduce the liver damage, hypolipidemic activity and improve the metabolic conditions of liver which are associated with NAFLD.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

2.1 Materials:

2.1.1 Chemicals:

High fat diet (VRKHFD-60) was bought from VRK nutritional solutions, Pune, India and remaining drugs were brought from the National Unani Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:

Albino rats which were 6 -8 weeks old, male, weighed around 160-180 grams were involved into the study. Female rats, rats with significantly low or high body weight, signs of systemic illness and aggressive or highly stressed rats are excluded from this study.¹²

2.1.2 Experimental animals:

The experimental subjects consisted of 42 male albino rats, each weighing 160-180 grams and aged 6-8 weeks.¹³ The rats were breaded and housed in the systemic life sciences and research private limited with 3 rats per cage, under optimal environmental conditions of 25°c (±2°C), 60%–70% humidity, and 12-hour photoperiods of light and darkness.^14,15,16The 5 albino rats were distributed randomly to each group. The study protocol was approved by the Indian Animal Ethics Committee under proposal number is 02/IAEC-11/SLSRPL/2024

2.2 Methods:

2.2.1 Induction of NAFLD:

To establish NAFLD, the rats were given a high fat diet and a high sugar diet for 28 days. Each HFD solid pellet consists of 35% fat and 20% carbohydrates.^17,18

2.2.2 Animal Treatment

Following a two-week adaptation period, the rats were randomly divided into seven experimental groups, each group consist of 6 rats. The control group received standard laboratory chow, while the disease-induction group and three treatment groups were provided with high-fat and high-sugar diets for 30 days, with therapeutic interventions administered over next 21 days. At the conclusion of the 28- day period, animals in both the disease-induction and treatment groups demonstrated statistically significant weight gain compared to the normal control group. The groups were detailed below:

Group 1: Control group - Rats received a standard chow diet and normal drinking water.

Group 2: Disease-induced group: Rats were given a high fat diet (HFD)

Group 3: pioglitazone + vitamin E: Rats received HFD and Pioglitazone + vitamin E

Group 4: Castor oil: Rats were fed HFD and castor oil

Group 5: Arogyavardini vati (AV): Rats were provided with HFD and arogyavardini vati.^19-20

Group 6: HFD + Arogyavardini vati+ triphala guggulu (TG) + Patokaturohinyadi Kashayam(PK).²¹

Group 7: HFD + Arogyavardini vati+ triphala guggulu+ Patokaturohinyadi Kashayam+ Triphala Churna (TC)

+ Kutaki Churna(KC).²²

The body weight was recorded before and after the induction of the NAFLD

2.2.3 Collection and preparation of samples:

After inducing NAFLD, drugs which were in solid form triturated using mortar and pestle saturation¹⁹, mixed with vehicle Carboxymethylecellulose (CMC) concentration of 0.5% to prepare a uniform suspension. The prepared suspension was administrated using the split dosing method. The liquid state drugs were diluted and given orally through the gavage 16 and 18.

The dosage of drugs was calculated according to the age and weight of the rat using the formula.

Human dose (mg or ml /day) * BSA(Body surface area) Conversion Factor (8.57)

Animal dose(mg/kg) = ----------------------------------------

Human body weight (70 kg).

Table 1: List of experimental drugs and dosages

S. No	Drugs	Dosage per kg
1	Pioglitazone +vitamin E	12mg/kg + 1.8mg/kg
2	Castor oil	1.8ml/kg
3	Arogyavardini vati (AV)	122mg/ kg
4	Arogyavardini vati+ triphala guggulu (TG)+Patokaturohinyadi Kashayam(PK).	122mg/ kg + 184mg/kg +10ml/kg
5	Arogyavardini vati+ triphala guggulu+ Patokaturohinyadi Kashayam+ Triphala Churna (TC) + Kutaki Churna(KC)	122 mg/ kg + 184mg/kg +10 ml/kg+ 490 mg/kg + 122mg /kg

2.2.4 Blood collection:

The rats were fasted overnight and they were anaesthetised using isoflurane before phlebotomy . The 1.5 to 2ml of blood was collected from submandibular vein, after 28 days of inducing NAFLD and at the end of the study the rats were again fasted overnight and anaesthetised, subsequently the blood was drawn through cardiac puncture collecting 2ml of blood.

2.2.5 Serum biochemical analysis:

All the Liver function parameters Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphate (ALP) and Total bilirubin and lipid profile tests -triglycerides & Cholesterol were recorded 3 times- before the experiment, after inducing NAFLD and at the end of the experiment^22-24.

2.2.6 Statistical analysis:

The results are demonstrated as mean ± standard deviation and the graph were generated using the Graph-pad prism (version-10), using ANOVA. Results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05.

3. RESULTS:

Hepatic function markers showed marked elevation across all groups receiving the high-fat, high-sugar dietary regimen compared to controls, confirming NAFLD induction. Following completion of treatment protocols, terminal blood samples were collected for liver biomarker assessment.

Table 2: Effect of Ayurvedic Formulations on Body weights of rats with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases.

S. No	GROUPS	BODY WEIGHTS
S. No	GROUPS	DAY 1/BT	DAY 7	DAY 14	DAY 21	DAY 28	DAY 35	DAY 42	DAY 49
1	Normal control	191.3±6.44	229.4±5.92	269.3±9.88	293.4±13.65	338±19.99	362.3±21	387.8±27.22	416.1±26.59
2	Negative Control	184.3±8.58	232.6±8.42	293.6±7.4	343.2±6.37*	379.8±2.37	414.8±2.37	464.4±2.83*	500.3±1.01**
3	Pioglitazone + Vitamin E	184.1±8.11	232.8±8.18	293.8±7.06	343.4±7.82*	381.3±7.38	402.9±7.2	421.1±6.93	433.1±6.93#
4	Castor Oil	185.9±8.18	233.6±8.54	293.6±8.85	344.6±9.59*	364.5±4.13	397.8±3.26	435±2.69	448.7±2.69
5	AV	186.2±7.01	234.5±6.58	296.7±7.43	346.3±7.91**	391.6±7.55*	420.6±7.22*	450±7.67*	469.8±6.64
6	AV + TG + PK	182.5±8.44	229±9.15	288.8±8.58	339.8±9.12*	382.3±9.01	411.3±9.96	436.9±10.55	456.5±9.2
7	AV + TG + PK + TC + KC	184.5±9.09	232.4±9.5	293.6±10.06	342.8±10.17*	381.1±9.74	404.1±9.63	424.1±9.25	439.3±8.7

Values presented as Mean ± SEM; One way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. Normal Control and #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 ###p<0.001 vs. Negative Control.

Table 3: Effect of Ayurvedic Formulations on serum liver functional markers in rats with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases.

S. No

Groups

ALT (IU/L)

AST (IU/L)

ALP (IU/L)

T. BILIRUBIN (mg/dL)

Before

Treatment

After

Treatment

Before

Treatment

After

Treatment

Before

Treatment

After

Treatment

Before

Treatment

After

Treatment

Normal control

32.84±

1.19

37.28±

1.15

72.1±

6.46

70.94±

4.51

60±

5.39

78.6±

2.91

0.09±

0.1±

0.01

Negative Control

85.56±

4.47***

79.38±

5.19***

139.1±

12.39

116.7±

6.32*

241±

24.55***

206.4±

32.91***

0.2±

0.02*

0.19±

0.01**

Pioglitazone + Vitamin E

88.96±

5.07***

47.96±

3.38###

138.2±

14.62

73.9±

9.98#

240.2±

21.23***

84.4±

7.03##

0.2±

0.02*

0.12±

0.01##

Castor Oil

85.56±

6.61***

71.66±

2.74

132.1±

12.63

93.5±

10.71

242±

29.32***

146.8±

28.13

0.22±

0.02**

0.17±

0.02

85.34±

3.2***

63.54±

2.07#

134.7±

19.01

90.38±

12.4

250.4±

18.63***

128±

13.7

0.2±

0.01*

0.13±

0.01

AV + TG + PK

89.18±

5.95***

56.62±

4.05###

137.7±

16.54

92.2±

9.28

237.6±

23.12***

112±

14.33#

0.21±

0.03**

0.13±

0.02

AV + TG + PK + TC + KC

85.62±

4.46***

42.88±

3.14###

135.3±

20.6

88.16±

6.83

265.4±

22.34***

111.4±

8.96#

0.21±

0.04**

0.12±

0.02#

Values presented as Mean ± SEM; One way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. Normal Control and #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 ###p<0.001 vs. Negative Control.

Table 4: Effect of Ayurvedic Formulations on serum Lipid metabolism markers in rats with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases

S. No	GROUPS	Triglycerides (mg/dL)		Cholesterol (mg/dL)
S. No	GROUPS	Before Treatment	After Treatment	Before Treatment	After Treatment
1	Normal control	62.68±3.11	72.6±4.27	44.4±3.27	58.8±4.09
2	Negative Control	155.6±14.31***	156.4±4.91***	91.8±3.06***	83.2±8.21
3	Pioglitazone + Vitamin E	148.6±11.6***	99.76±7.05###	90.2±7.48***	66±4.22
4	Castor Oil	145.5±7.1***	105.4±8.52###	91±5.82***	76±9.13
5	AV	152.4±10.27***	102.8±9.34###	94±6.25***	75.2±5.09
6	AV + TG + PK	144.5±6.29***	95.62±6.81###	91±4.81***	75.4±6.1
7	AV + TG + PK + TC + KC	149.3±14.64***	89.42±8.7###	96.2±2.73***	69.2±5.71

Values presented as Mean ± SEM; One way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. Normal Control and #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 ###p<0.001 vs. Negative Control.

4. DISCUSSION:

This experimental study explored the potential of various Ayurvedic interventions in addressing liver dysfunction and dyslipidaemia associated with NAFLD in rats. The biochemical parameters assessed included serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, before and after the treatment phase.

Rats in the disease-induced group displayed markedly elevated levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin, along with increased serum lipids, confirming the successful induction of NAFLD. These alterations are consistent with hepatic inflammation and fat accumulation, which compromise liver integrity and metabolic regulation.

Treatment with a combination of pioglitazone and Vitamin E, used as a standard reference, significantly reversed these changes. Post-treatment values showed substantial reductions in ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin, suggesting restored hepatic function. This group also demonstrated notable improvements in lipid levels, aligning with previous evidence on the antioxidant and insulin-sensitizing effects of Vitamin E and pioglitazone ²⁵. The values of lipid profile test and liver functioning tests are quite lower in the study conducted by Kumar G 2012 by providing arogyavardini drug for rats.²⁶

Among the Ayurvedic formulations, the group receiving AV + TG + PK + TC + KC (Arogyavardhini Vati, Triphala Guggulu, Patokaturohinyadi Kashayam, Triphala Churna, and Kutaki Churna) showed the most pronounced improvement across all parameters. Liver enzyme levels and bilirubin were significantly lowered, approaching near-normal values. Additionally, this group achieved the greatest reduction in triglyceride and cholesterol levels, indicating potent hepatoprotective and lipid-modulatory activity.

Groups treated with AV alone or AV + TG + PK also showed considerable improvements, though to a lesser degree than the full combination therapy. The group treated with castor oil showed only moderate benefit, suggesting that monotherapy may offer limited protection against complex metabolic liver disorders like NAFLD.

The enhanced efficacy observed in multi-component herbal combinations may be attributed to the complementary mechanisms of action of individual herbs. Traditional Ayurvedic ingredients like Triphala, Kutaki, and Trikatu are recognized for their roles in enhancing bile flow, detoxification, and metabolic correction, all of which contribute to liver health restoration.

5. CONCLUSION:

This study highlights the effectiveness of Ayurvedic formulations in improving liver function and lipid balance in rats with experimentally induced NAFLD. The combination treatment of AV + TG + PK + TC + KC was the most effective, leading to near-normal levels of liver enzymes, bilirubin, and lipids, likely due to the complementary effects of its herbal components. In comparison, standard treatment with pioglitazone and Vitamin E also showed significant benefits, while individual or limited combinations of herbs were less impactful. These findings suggest that a multi-herbal approach may be more beneficial for addressing the complex nature of NAFLD.

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Received on 17.07.2025 Revised on 13.11.2025

Accepted on 20.01.2026 Published on 20.05.2026

Available online from May 25, 2026

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(5):2201-2206.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00317

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